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primary antibodies against ang 1  (Proteintech)


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    Structured Review

    Proteintech primary antibodies against ang 1
    Effects on Ang - 1 and Tie - 2 in rat brain tissues of each group. (A) The protein expression was measured by Western blot, and the representative bands are shown. (B, C) Quantification of protein bands <t>of</t> <t>Ang-1</t> and Tie-2. Actin expression was used to normalize protein expression. # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01 vs the sham - operation group; * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 vs the model group; && P < 0.01 vs the Zhuqi Piantan Granules group
    Primary Antibodies Against Ang 1, supplied by Proteintech, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 2 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/result/primary antibodies against ang 1/product/Proteintech
    Average 94 stars, based on 2 article reviews
    primary antibodies against ang 1 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
    94/100 stars

    Images

    1) Product Images from "Simultaneous Determination of Six Components in Zhuqi Piantan Granules and the Protective Effect of Combined Electroacupuncture on Cerebral Injury in Rats With Ischemic Stroke"

    Article Title: Simultaneous Determination of Six Components in Zhuqi Piantan Granules and the Protective Effect of Combined Electroacupuncture on Cerebral Injury in Rats With Ischemic Stroke

    Journal: Dose-Response

    doi: 10.1177/15593258261418851

    Effects on Ang - 1 and Tie - 2 in rat brain tissues of each group. (A) The protein expression was measured by Western blot, and the representative bands are shown. (B, C) Quantification of protein bands of Ang-1 and Tie-2. Actin expression was used to normalize protein expression. # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01 vs the sham - operation group; * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 vs the model group; && P < 0.01 vs the Zhuqi Piantan Granules group
    Figure Legend Snippet: Effects on Ang - 1 and Tie - 2 in rat brain tissues of each group. (A) The protein expression was measured by Western blot, and the representative bands are shown. (B, C) Quantification of protein bands of Ang-1 and Tie-2. Actin expression was used to normalize protein expression. # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01 vs the sham - operation group; * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 vs the model group; && P < 0.01 vs the Zhuqi Piantan Granules group

    Techniques Used: Expressing, Western Blot



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    Effects on Ang - 1 and Tie - 2 in rat brain tissues of each group. (A) The protein expression was measured by Western blot, and the representative bands are shown. (B, C) Quantification of protein bands <t>of</t> <t>Ang-1</t> and Tie-2. Actin expression was used to normalize protein expression. # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01 vs the sham - operation group; * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 vs the model group; && P < 0.01 vs the Zhuqi Piantan Granules group
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    Effects on Ang - 1 and Tie - 2 in rat brain tissues of each group. (A) The protein expression was measured by Western blot, and the representative bands are shown. (B, C) Quantification of protein bands <t>of</t> <t>Ang-1</t> and Tie-2. Actin expression was used to normalize protein expression. # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01 vs the sham - operation group; * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 vs the model group; && P < 0.01 vs the Zhuqi Piantan Granules group
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    (A) Representative IHC staining shows that the expression of <t>ATII</t> <t>and</t> <t>AT1R</t> is significantly elevated in GC tissues compared with adjacent normal gastric tissues. Original magnification, x20 (B) The violin plot shows that the IHC score for ATII and AT1R is significantly higher in non-metastatic and metastatic GC tissues than in adjacent normal gastric tissues. Significance was determined by 1-way ANOVA ( n = 64). ( C ) TCGA data show the expression of AGT and a stage-wise increase in expression of AGT in STAD. ( D) Kaplan-Meier survival curves from TCGA show OS and DFS of STAD patients grouped by AGT and AGTR1 expressions. High AGT expression is associated with significantly poor OS ( p = 0.02), and high AGTR1 expression is associated with significantly poor DFS ( p = 0.0035). GC, gastric cancer; IHC, immunohistochemistry; STAD, stomach adenocarcinoma; OS, overall survival; DFS, disease-free survival; TCGA, the cancer genome atlas; AGT, Angiotensin II; AGTR1, Angiotensin II receptor 1 . **P < 0.01 ; ****P < 0.0001. ns: no significance.
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    Image Search Results


    ANGPT2 expression in multiple tumors. (A) ANGPT2 levels in 18 human tumors using TCGA tumor and normal data. (B-H) ANGPT2 levels in TCGA; (B) CHOL, (C) ESCA, (D) GBM, (E) HNSC, (F) KICH, (G) KIRC and (H) STAD tissues vs. the matching TCGA and GTEx normal tissues. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001; all P-values are adjusted for multiple comparisons where applicable. ANGPT2, angiopoietin-2; TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas; CHOL, cholangiocarcinoma; ESCA, esophageal cancer; GBM, glioblastoma multiforme; HNSC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; KICH, kidney chromophobe; KIRC, kidney renal clear cell carcinoma; STAD, stomach adenocarcinoma.

    Journal: Oncology Reports

    Article Title: Unveiling the role of ANGPT2 in esophageal cancer: A prognostic factor and potential oncogene

    doi: 10.3892/or.2026.9098

    Figure Lengend Snippet: ANGPT2 expression in multiple tumors. (A) ANGPT2 levels in 18 human tumors using TCGA tumor and normal data. (B-H) ANGPT2 levels in TCGA; (B) CHOL, (C) ESCA, (D) GBM, (E) HNSC, (F) KICH, (G) KIRC and (H) STAD tissues vs. the matching TCGA and GTEx normal tissues. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001; all P-values are adjusted for multiple comparisons where applicable. ANGPT2, angiopoietin-2; TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas; CHOL, cholangiocarcinoma; ESCA, esophageal cancer; GBM, glioblastoma multiforme; HNSC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; KICH, kidney chromophobe; KIRC, kidney renal clear cell carcinoma; STAD, stomach adenocarcinoma.

    Article Snippet: The membranes were then incubated overnight at 4°C with primary antibodies diluted in TBST containing 5% BSA: ANGPT2 (1:1,000; cat. no. sc-74403; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) and GAPDH (1:1,000; cat. no. sc-47724; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.).

    Techniques: Expressing

    Gene expression profiling interactive analysis database: OS and DFS analysis of ANGPT2 in diverse human tumors. (A-G) OS plot: ANGPT2 in (A) CHOL, (B) ESCA, (C) GBM, (D) HNSC, (E) KICH, (F) KIRC and (G) STAD. (H-N) DFS plot: ANGPT2 in (H) CHOL, (I) ESCA, (J) GBM, (K) HNSC, (L) KICH, (M) KIRC and (N) STAD. OS, Overall survival; DFS, disease-free survival; ANGPT2, angiopoietin-2; CHOL, cholangiocarcinoma; ESCA, esophageal cancer; GBM, glioblastoma multiforme; HNSC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; KICH, kidney chromophobe; KIRC, kidney renal clear cell carcinoma; STAD, stomach adenocarcinoma.

    Journal: Oncology Reports

    Article Title: Unveiling the role of ANGPT2 in esophageal cancer: A prognostic factor and potential oncogene

    doi: 10.3892/or.2026.9098

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Gene expression profiling interactive analysis database: OS and DFS analysis of ANGPT2 in diverse human tumors. (A-G) OS plot: ANGPT2 in (A) CHOL, (B) ESCA, (C) GBM, (D) HNSC, (E) KICH, (F) KIRC and (G) STAD. (H-N) DFS plot: ANGPT2 in (H) CHOL, (I) ESCA, (J) GBM, (K) HNSC, (L) KICH, (M) KIRC and (N) STAD. OS, Overall survival; DFS, disease-free survival; ANGPT2, angiopoietin-2; CHOL, cholangiocarcinoma; ESCA, esophageal cancer; GBM, glioblastoma multiforme; HNSC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; KICH, kidney chromophobe; KIRC, kidney renal clear cell carcinoma; STAD, stomach adenocarcinoma.

    Article Snippet: The membranes were then incubated overnight at 4°C with primary antibodies diluted in TBST containing 5% BSA: ANGPT2 (1:1,000; cat. no. sc-74403; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) and GAPDH (1:1,000; cat. no. sc-47724; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.).

    Techniques: Gene Expression

    Association of ANGPT2 expression with clinical analysis in ESCA. (A-D) ANGPT2 expression in the GSE20347 , GSE38129 , GSE45670 and GSE70409 datasets. (E) Paired ANGPT2 expression in adjacent and tumor tissues. (F) Correlation between ANGPT2 expression and grade. (G) Impact of ANGPT2 expression on OS in patients with ESCA. (H) Multivariate Cox regression: Connection with OS and clinicopathologic characteristics in patients with ESCA. (I) Nomogram for the 1-, 3-, and 5-yr OS prediction of patients with ESCA. (J) Representative images and (K) statistical analysis: ANGPT2 expression in ESCA tumors and normal tissues. Scale bars, 50 µm. (K) Number of ANGPT2 expression negative or positive cases in normal tissues and ESCC tissues based on the IHC staining score results. The results demonstrated that 16 cases were negative and only 5 cases were positive for ANGPT2 expression in normal tissues, while merely 2 cases were negative and 19 cases were positive for ANGPT2 expression in ESCC tissues. (L) ANGPT2 protein expression in paired tissues obtained from patients with ESCA. (M) ANGPT2 mRNA expression levels in ESCA and paired adjacent normal tissues. (N) Kaplan-Meier: Prognosis of OS according to the IHC scores of ANGPT2. Statistical analyses: Paired Student's t-test was used for comparisons between paired tumor and normal tissues (E, L and M); unpaired Student's t-test was used for comparison of IHC scores between tumor and normal tissues (K); one-way ANOVA was used for analyzing ANGPT2 expression across different tumor grades (F); log-rank test was used for survival analyses (G and N); Cox proportional hazards model was used for multivariate regression analysis (H). *P<0.05 and **P<0.01; all P-values are adjusted for multiple comparisons where applicable. ANGPT2, angiopoietin-2; ESCA, esophageal cancer; OS, overall survival; ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; IHC, immunohistochemical.

    Journal: Oncology Reports

    Article Title: Unveiling the role of ANGPT2 in esophageal cancer: A prognostic factor and potential oncogene

    doi: 10.3892/or.2026.9098

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Association of ANGPT2 expression with clinical analysis in ESCA. (A-D) ANGPT2 expression in the GSE20347 , GSE38129 , GSE45670 and GSE70409 datasets. (E) Paired ANGPT2 expression in adjacent and tumor tissues. (F) Correlation between ANGPT2 expression and grade. (G) Impact of ANGPT2 expression on OS in patients with ESCA. (H) Multivariate Cox regression: Connection with OS and clinicopathologic characteristics in patients with ESCA. (I) Nomogram for the 1-, 3-, and 5-yr OS prediction of patients with ESCA. (J) Representative images and (K) statistical analysis: ANGPT2 expression in ESCA tumors and normal tissues. Scale bars, 50 µm. (K) Number of ANGPT2 expression negative or positive cases in normal tissues and ESCC tissues based on the IHC staining score results. The results demonstrated that 16 cases were negative and only 5 cases were positive for ANGPT2 expression in normal tissues, while merely 2 cases were negative and 19 cases were positive for ANGPT2 expression in ESCC tissues. (L) ANGPT2 protein expression in paired tissues obtained from patients with ESCA. (M) ANGPT2 mRNA expression levels in ESCA and paired adjacent normal tissues. (N) Kaplan-Meier: Prognosis of OS according to the IHC scores of ANGPT2. Statistical analyses: Paired Student's t-test was used for comparisons between paired tumor and normal tissues (E, L and M); unpaired Student's t-test was used for comparison of IHC scores between tumor and normal tissues (K); one-way ANOVA was used for analyzing ANGPT2 expression across different tumor grades (F); log-rank test was used for survival analyses (G and N); Cox proportional hazards model was used for multivariate regression analysis (H). *P<0.05 and **P<0.01; all P-values are adjusted for multiple comparisons where applicable. ANGPT2, angiopoietin-2; ESCA, esophageal cancer; OS, overall survival; ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; IHC, immunohistochemical.

    Article Snippet: The membranes were then incubated overnight at 4°C with primary antibodies diluted in TBST containing 5% BSA: ANGPT2 (1:1,000; cat. no. sc-74403; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) and GAPDH (1:1,000; cat. no. sc-47724; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.).

    Techniques: Expressing, Immunohistochemistry, Comparison, Immunohistochemical staining

    Upstream regulator of ANGPT2 in ESCA. (A) Cytoscape software: miRNA-ANGPT2 regulatory network. (B) Expression correlation between predicted miRNAs and ANGPT2 in ESCA. (C) Unsupervised hierarchical clustering heatmap based on the differentially expressed miRNAs between 185 ESCA tissues and 13 healthy tissues. (D) miR-145-5p level in ESCA and control normal samples. (E) Collation analysis: miR-145-5p and AMPKAPK5-AS1, as well as (F) miR-145-5p and SNHG1. (G) AMPKAPK5-AS1 and (H) SNHG1 expression levels in adjacent and tumor tissues. (I) Overall survival analysis: AMPKAPK5-AS1 and (J) SNHG1 in patients with ESCA. Statistical analyses: Unpaired Student's t-test was used for comparing lncRNA/miRNA expression levels between tumor and normal tissues (D, G and H); Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used for evaluating correlations between gene expression levels (B, E and F); log-rank test was used for survival analyses (I and J). All P-values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini-Hochberg method to control the false discovery rate. All P-values are adjusted for multiple comparisons where applicable. ANGPT2, angiopoietin-2; ESCA, esophageal cancer; miRNAs or miRs, microRNAs.

    Journal: Oncology Reports

    Article Title: Unveiling the role of ANGPT2 in esophageal cancer: A prognostic factor and potential oncogene

    doi: 10.3892/or.2026.9098

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Upstream regulator of ANGPT2 in ESCA. (A) Cytoscape software: miRNA-ANGPT2 regulatory network. (B) Expression correlation between predicted miRNAs and ANGPT2 in ESCA. (C) Unsupervised hierarchical clustering heatmap based on the differentially expressed miRNAs between 185 ESCA tissues and 13 healthy tissues. (D) miR-145-5p level in ESCA and control normal samples. (E) Collation analysis: miR-145-5p and AMPKAPK5-AS1, as well as (F) miR-145-5p and SNHG1. (G) AMPKAPK5-AS1 and (H) SNHG1 expression levels in adjacent and tumor tissues. (I) Overall survival analysis: AMPKAPK5-AS1 and (J) SNHG1 in patients with ESCA. Statistical analyses: Unpaired Student's t-test was used for comparing lncRNA/miRNA expression levels between tumor and normal tissues (D, G and H); Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used for evaluating correlations between gene expression levels (B, E and F); log-rank test was used for survival analyses (I and J). All P-values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini-Hochberg method to control the false discovery rate. All P-values are adjusted for multiple comparisons where applicable. ANGPT2, angiopoietin-2; ESCA, esophageal cancer; miRNAs or miRs, microRNAs.

    Article Snippet: The membranes were then incubated overnight at 4°C with primary antibodies diluted in TBST containing 5% BSA: ANGPT2 (1:1,000; cat. no. sc-74403; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) and GAPDH (1:1,000; cat. no. sc-47724; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.).

    Techniques: Software, Expressing, Control, Gene Expression

    Connection of ANGPT2 expression with immunity in ESCA. (A) GSEA enrichment plots showing signaling pathways significantly enriched in the ANGPT2 high-expression group (1,000 permutations were performed; pathways include ‘ALLOGRAFT_REJECTION’ and ‘INTERFERON_GAMMA_RESPONSE’, consistent with immune-related functions). (B-H) Spearman's correlation analysis between ANGPT2 expression and infiltration levels of specific immune cell subsets in ESCA (adjusted for tumor purity via TIMER2.0 or indicated algorithms): (B) CD8 + T cells (TIMER, Rho=0.220, P=2.04×10 −3 ); (C) myeloid dendritic cells (TIMER, Rho=0.286, P=9.76×10 −5 ); (D) macrophages (EPIC, Rho=0.211, P=2.87×10 −3 ); (E) macrophage/monocytes (MCPCOUNTER, Rho=0.178, P=1.67×10 −2 ), (F) neutrophils (TIMER, Rho=0.132, P=4.34×10 −2 ), (G) NK cells (EPIC, Rho=0.148, P=4.81×10 −2 ), (H) T follicular helper cells (CIBERSORT, Rho=0.260, P=3.68×10 −4 ). (I) Single-sample GSEA showing the abundance of 23 infiltrating immune cell subgroups in ANGPT2 high- vs. low-expression groups. (J) ESTIMATE algorithm analysis of Stromal Score, Immune Score and ESTIMATE Score in ANGPT2 high- vs. low-expression groups (P<0.01 for Stromal Score; P<0.05 for Immune Score; P<0.01 for ESTIMATE Score, as indicated by symbols). *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001; all P-values are adjusted for multiple comparisons where applicable. ANGPT2, angiopoietin-2; ESCA, esophageal cancer; GSEA, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis; NK, natural killer.

    Journal: Oncology Reports

    Article Title: Unveiling the role of ANGPT2 in esophageal cancer: A prognostic factor and potential oncogene

    doi: 10.3892/or.2026.9098

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Connection of ANGPT2 expression with immunity in ESCA. (A) GSEA enrichment plots showing signaling pathways significantly enriched in the ANGPT2 high-expression group (1,000 permutations were performed; pathways include ‘ALLOGRAFT_REJECTION’ and ‘INTERFERON_GAMMA_RESPONSE’, consistent with immune-related functions). (B-H) Spearman's correlation analysis between ANGPT2 expression and infiltration levels of specific immune cell subsets in ESCA (adjusted for tumor purity via TIMER2.0 or indicated algorithms): (B) CD8 + T cells (TIMER, Rho=0.220, P=2.04×10 −3 ); (C) myeloid dendritic cells (TIMER, Rho=0.286, P=9.76×10 −5 ); (D) macrophages (EPIC, Rho=0.211, P=2.87×10 −3 ); (E) macrophage/monocytes (MCPCOUNTER, Rho=0.178, P=1.67×10 −2 ), (F) neutrophils (TIMER, Rho=0.132, P=4.34×10 −2 ), (G) NK cells (EPIC, Rho=0.148, P=4.81×10 −2 ), (H) T follicular helper cells (CIBERSORT, Rho=0.260, P=3.68×10 −4 ). (I) Single-sample GSEA showing the abundance of 23 infiltrating immune cell subgroups in ANGPT2 high- vs. low-expression groups. (J) ESTIMATE algorithm analysis of Stromal Score, Immune Score and ESTIMATE Score in ANGPT2 high- vs. low-expression groups (P<0.01 for Stromal Score; P<0.05 for Immune Score; P<0.01 for ESTIMATE Score, as indicated by symbols). *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001; all P-values are adjusted for multiple comparisons where applicable. ANGPT2, angiopoietin-2; ESCA, esophageal cancer; GSEA, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis; NK, natural killer.

    Article Snippet: The membranes were then incubated overnight at 4°C with primary antibodies diluted in TBST containing 5% BSA: ANGPT2 (1:1,000; cat. no. sc-74403; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) and GAPDH (1:1,000; cat. no. sc-47724; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.).

    Techniques: Expressing, Protein-Protein interactions

    Relation of ANGPT2 level with immune checkpoint and chemotherapeutic sensitivity in ESCA. (A) TIMER-conducted Spearman correlation: ANGPT2 with CTLA-4 expression in ESCA. (B) TCGA-determined expression correlation: ANGPT2 with CTLA4 in ESCA. (C) TIMER-conducted Spearman correlation: ANGPT2 with HAVCR2 expression in ESCA. (D) TCGA-determined expression correlation: ANGPT2 with HAVCR2 in ESCA. (E) TIMER-conducted Spearman correlation: ANGPT2 with PDCD1LG2 expression in ESCA. All TIMER-conducted Spearman correlations were adjusted by purity. (F) TCGA-determined expression correlation: ANGPT2 with PDCD1LG2 in ESCA. (G-L) Relationships between both ANGPT2 expression groups and chemotherapeutic sensitivity. ANGPT2, angiopoietin-2; ESCA, esophageal cancer; TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas.

    Journal: Oncology Reports

    Article Title: Unveiling the role of ANGPT2 in esophageal cancer: A prognostic factor and potential oncogene

    doi: 10.3892/or.2026.9098

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Relation of ANGPT2 level with immune checkpoint and chemotherapeutic sensitivity in ESCA. (A) TIMER-conducted Spearman correlation: ANGPT2 with CTLA-4 expression in ESCA. (B) TCGA-determined expression correlation: ANGPT2 with CTLA4 in ESCA. (C) TIMER-conducted Spearman correlation: ANGPT2 with HAVCR2 expression in ESCA. (D) TCGA-determined expression correlation: ANGPT2 with HAVCR2 in ESCA. (E) TIMER-conducted Spearman correlation: ANGPT2 with PDCD1LG2 expression in ESCA. All TIMER-conducted Spearman correlations were adjusted by purity. (F) TCGA-determined expression correlation: ANGPT2 with PDCD1LG2 in ESCA. (G-L) Relationships between both ANGPT2 expression groups and chemotherapeutic sensitivity. ANGPT2, angiopoietin-2; ESCA, esophageal cancer; TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas.

    Article Snippet: The membranes were then incubated overnight at 4°C with primary antibodies diluted in TBST containing 5% BSA: ANGPT2 (1:1,000; cat. no. sc-74403; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) and GAPDH (1:1,000; cat. no. sc-47724; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.).

    Techniques: Expressing

    ( A ) Changes in the expression of melanoma cell metastasis-related factors in the M + W group mice. The expression levels of melanoma cell metastasis-related factors in the blood and tissues of M + W group mice implanted with B16 cells were compared to those in the control group. Factors that significantly increased are indicated by upward arrows, factors that remained unchanged are indicated by horizontal dotted lines, and factors that significantly decreased are indicated by downward arrows. The combined effects of changes in the expression of each factor are thought to promote melanoma cell metastasis. ( B ) Changes in the expression of melanoma cell metastasis-related factors in the M + RS group mice. The expression levels of melanoma cell metastasis-related factors in the blood and tissues of the M + RS group mice implanted with B16 cells were compared to those in the M + W group. Factors that significantly increased are indicated by upward arrows, factors that remained unchanged are indicated by horizontal dotted lines, and factors that significantly decreased are indicated by downward arrows. The combined effects of changes in the expression of each factor are thought to suppress melanoma cell metastasis. Abbreviations: PAR, protease-activated receptor; TGFβ1, transforming growth factor β1; IL-6, interleukin 6; TF, tissue factor; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α; F4/80, macrophage marker F4/80; Ly6G, lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus G6D; PAD4, peptidylarginine deiminase 4; cisH3, citrullinated Histone H3; TM, thrombomodulin; uPA, urokinase-type plasminogen activator; TAFI, thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor; TAFIa, activated TAFI; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; Ang-2, angiopoietin-2; bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; Robo4, Roundabout homolog 4; E-cadherin, epithelial cadherin; Snail-1, small family zinc finger 1; Wnt, wingless and int-1; Wnt3a, Wnt family member 3a; LRP, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein; Frizzled, Frizzled class receptor.

    Journal: Marine Drugs

    Article Title: Orally Administered Rhamnan Sulfate from Monostroma nitidum Significantly Inhibits Melanoma Metastasis in Lungs and Aorta of Mice Implanted with B16 Cells

    doi: 10.3390/md24040126

    Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Changes in the expression of melanoma cell metastasis-related factors in the M + W group mice. The expression levels of melanoma cell metastasis-related factors in the blood and tissues of M + W group mice implanted with B16 cells were compared to those in the control group. Factors that significantly increased are indicated by upward arrows, factors that remained unchanged are indicated by horizontal dotted lines, and factors that significantly decreased are indicated by downward arrows. The combined effects of changes in the expression of each factor are thought to promote melanoma cell metastasis. ( B ) Changes in the expression of melanoma cell metastasis-related factors in the M + RS group mice. The expression levels of melanoma cell metastasis-related factors in the blood and tissues of the M + RS group mice implanted with B16 cells were compared to those in the M + W group. Factors that significantly increased are indicated by upward arrows, factors that remained unchanged are indicated by horizontal dotted lines, and factors that significantly decreased are indicated by downward arrows. The combined effects of changes in the expression of each factor are thought to suppress melanoma cell metastasis. Abbreviations: PAR, protease-activated receptor; TGFβ1, transforming growth factor β1; IL-6, interleukin 6; TF, tissue factor; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α; F4/80, macrophage marker F4/80; Ly6G, lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus G6D; PAD4, peptidylarginine deiminase 4; cisH3, citrullinated Histone H3; TM, thrombomodulin; uPA, urokinase-type plasminogen activator; TAFI, thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor; TAFIa, activated TAFI; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; Ang-2, angiopoietin-2; bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; Robo4, Roundabout homolog 4; E-cadherin, epithelial cadherin; Snail-1, small family zinc finger 1; Wnt, wingless and int-1; Wnt3a, Wnt family member 3a; LRP, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein; Frizzled, Frizzled class receptor.

    Article Snippet: The levels of PAR1, PAR2, TF, TNF-α, TGF-β1, Ang-2, bFGF, β-catenin, vimentin, fibronectin, and Snail-1 in tissues were determined using commercially available ELISA kits: PAR1 (MBS753326, MyBioSource, San Diego, CA, USA), PAR2 (MBS4501658; MyBioSource), TF (ab214091; Abcam), TNF-α (KE10002, Proteintech), TGFβ1 (E-EL-M0051, Elabscience, Houston, TX, USA), Ang-2 (MANG20, R&D Systems), bFGF (bs-0217R, Bioss Antibodies), β-catenin (ADI-900-135; Enzo Life Sciences, Executive Blvd Farmingdale, NY, USA), fibronectin (OKCD05702, Aviva Systems Biology, San Diego, CA, USA), vimentin (ELK3731, ELK Biotechnology, Denver, CO, USA), and Snail-1 (LS-F2317-1, LS Bio, Shirley, MA, USA).

    Techniques: Expressing, Control, Marker

    Effect of POH on the protein expression of the ACE-AngII-AT1R and ACE2-Ang-(1–7)-MAS axis in HPH rats. ( a , c , e , g , i , j ) Representative western blotting bands and quantification of ACE, AngII, AT1R and Mas proteins. ( b , d , f , h , k ) Concentration of AngII, ACE, AT1R and Ang 1–7 in RV tissues detected by ELISA kits. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. AngII: Angiotensin II. ACE: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme. AT1R: Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor. ACE2: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Ang-(1–7): angiotensin-(1–7). Data are presented as the mean ± SD. ACE: angiotensin-convertingenzyme, AngII: angiotensin II, AT1R: AngII type 1 receptor. Ang II (protein): Decreasing, P > 0.05, R 2 = 0.173, no dose–effect relationship. Ang II (concentration): Decreasing, P > 0.05, R 2 = 0.241, no dose–effect relationship. ACE (concentration): Increasing, P < 0.05, R 2 = 0.426, no dose–effect relationship. ACE2 (concentration): Decreasing, P < 0.05, R 2 = 0.426, no dose–effect relationship. ACE2 (protein): Increasing, P > 0.05, R 2 = 0.216, no dose–effect relationship. Ang1-7: Decreasing, P < 0.05, R 2 = 0.523, no dose–effect relationship. ( # P < 0.05 vs . control group, * P < 0.05, vs . hypoxia group, a P < 0.05, vs . Hyp + sildenafil group, b P < 0.05, vs . Hyp + POH25mg/kg/d, c P < 0.05, vs . Hyp + POH50mg/kg/d).

    Journal: Scientific Reports

    Article Title: Perillyl alcohol attenuates hypoxia induced right ventricular dysfunction and remodeling by balancing the renin angiotensin aldosterone system in rats

    doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-34539-6

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of POH on the protein expression of the ACE-AngII-AT1R and ACE2-Ang-(1–7)-MAS axis in HPH rats. ( a , c , e , g , i , j ) Representative western blotting bands and quantification of ACE, AngII, AT1R and Mas proteins. ( b , d , f , h , k ) Concentration of AngII, ACE, AT1R and Ang 1–7 in RV tissues detected by ELISA kits. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. AngII: Angiotensin II. ACE: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme. AT1R: Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor. ACE2: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Ang-(1–7): angiotensin-(1–7). Data are presented as the mean ± SD. ACE: angiotensin-convertingenzyme, AngII: angiotensin II, AT1R: AngII type 1 receptor. Ang II (protein): Decreasing, P > 0.05, R 2 = 0.173, no dose–effect relationship. Ang II (concentration): Decreasing, P > 0.05, R 2 = 0.241, no dose–effect relationship. ACE (concentration): Increasing, P < 0.05, R 2 = 0.426, no dose–effect relationship. ACE2 (concentration): Decreasing, P < 0.05, R 2 = 0.426, no dose–effect relationship. ACE2 (protein): Increasing, P > 0.05, R 2 = 0.216, no dose–effect relationship. Ang1-7: Decreasing, P < 0.05, R 2 = 0.523, no dose–effect relationship. ( # P < 0.05 vs . control group, * P < 0.05, vs . hypoxia group, a P < 0.05, vs . Hyp + sildenafil group, b P < 0.05, vs . Hyp + POH25mg/kg/d, c P < 0.05, vs . Hyp + POH50mg/kg/d).

    Article Snippet: Ang II (AF5124) and collagen III antibodies (AF5457) were obtained from Affbiotech, Jiangsu, China.

    Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Concentration Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Control

    Effects on Ang - 1 and Tie - 2 in rat brain tissues of each group. (A) The protein expression was measured by Western blot, and the representative bands are shown. (B, C) Quantification of protein bands of Ang-1 and Tie-2. Actin expression was used to normalize protein expression. # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01 vs the sham - operation group; * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 vs the model group; && P < 0.01 vs the Zhuqi Piantan Granules group

    Journal: Dose-Response

    Article Title: Simultaneous Determination of Six Components in Zhuqi Piantan Granules and the Protective Effect of Combined Electroacupuncture on Cerebral Injury in Rats With Ischemic Stroke

    doi: 10.1177/15593258261418851

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects on Ang - 1 and Tie - 2 in rat brain tissues of each group. (A) The protein expression was measured by Western blot, and the representative bands are shown. (B, C) Quantification of protein bands of Ang-1 and Tie-2. Actin expression was used to normalize protein expression. # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01 vs the sham - operation group; * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 vs the model group; && P < 0.01 vs the Zhuqi Piantan Granules group

    Article Snippet: Primary antibodies against Ang-1 and Tie-2 were obtained from Proteintech Group, Inc. (Rosemont, IL, USA).

    Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot

    (A) Representative IHC staining shows that the expression of ATII and AT1R is significantly elevated in GC tissues compared with adjacent normal gastric tissues. Original magnification, x20 (B) The violin plot shows that the IHC score for ATII and AT1R is significantly higher in non-metastatic and metastatic GC tissues than in adjacent normal gastric tissues. Significance was determined by 1-way ANOVA ( n = 64). ( C ) TCGA data show the expression of AGT and a stage-wise increase in expression of AGT in STAD. ( D) Kaplan-Meier survival curves from TCGA show OS and DFS of STAD patients grouped by AGT and AGTR1 expressions. High AGT expression is associated with significantly poor OS ( p = 0.02), and high AGTR1 expression is associated with significantly poor DFS ( p = 0.0035). GC, gastric cancer; IHC, immunohistochemistry; STAD, stomach adenocarcinoma; OS, overall survival; DFS, disease-free survival; TCGA, the cancer genome atlas; AGT, Angiotensin II; AGTR1, Angiotensin II receptor 1 . **P < 0.01 ; ****P < 0.0001. ns: no significance.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Angiotensin II- Angiotensin II Receptor Type 1 Signaling Facilitates Gastric Cancer Metastasis via Kruppel-like Factor 4 Suppression and Tight Junction Breakdown

    doi: 10.64898/2026.01.08.698396

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Representative IHC staining shows that the expression of ATII and AT1R is significantly elevated in GC tissues compared with adjacent normal gastric tissues. Original magnification, x20 (B) The violin plot shows that the IHC score for ATII and AT1R is significantly higher in non-metastatic and metastatic GC tissues than in adjacent normal gastric tissues. Significance was determined by 1-way ANOVA ( n = 64). ( C ) TCGA data show the expression of AGT and a stage-wise increase in expression of AGT in STAD. ( D) Kaplan-Meier survival curves from TCGA show OS and DFS of STAD patients grouped by AGT and AGTR1 expressions. High AGT expression is associated with significantly poor OS ( p = 0.02), and high AGTR1 expression is associated with significantly poor DFS ( p = 0.0035). GC, gastric cancer; IHC, immunohistochemistry; STAD, stomach adenocarcinoma; OS, overall survival; DFS, disease-free survival; TCGA, the cancer genome atlas; AGT, Angiotensin II; AGTR1, Angiotensin II receptor 1 . **P < 0.01 ; ****P < 0.0001. ns: no significance.

    Article Snippet: The antibodies ATII (Cat# NB100-62346 Novus Biologicals, CO), AT1R (Cat# ab124505 Abcam, MA), KLF4 (Cat# ab216968 Abcam, MA and Cat# 4038S Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA), claudin 1 (Cat# H00009076-M01 Abnova, Taipei, Taiwan), claudin 3 (Cat# NBP2-46299 Novus Biologicals, CO), claudin 4 (Cat# ab53156, Abcam, MA), Zonula occludens 1 (Cat# NBP2-80141 Novus Biologicals, CO), GAPDH (Cat#2118 Cell Signaling Technology, MA), HDAC1 (Cat# NB100-56340 Novus Biologicals, CO) were used for western blotting ( ).

    Techniques: Immunohistochemistry, Expressing

    (A) Enzymatic Immuno Assay (EIA), western blot, and qRT-PCR reveal expression of ATII in GC cells, MKN45, MKN7, AGS, and NCI-N87. For quantification, the mRNA level of the ATII gene was normalized to the housekeeping gene GAPDH. Data represented as mean±SD of three independent experiments. (B) Western blot and qRT-PCR data show the expression of AT1R in GC cells. For quantification, the mRNA level of the ATIR gene was normalized to the housekeeping gene GAPDH. Data represented as mean±SD of three independent experiments. Blockade of AT1R by the AT1R antagonist losartan (1µM) significantly reduces GC cell (C) proliferation, (D) migration (Original magnification, ×4), and (E) invasion (Original magnification, ×20). For the proliferation the data represented as mean±SEM and analyzed using 2-tailed t test ( n = 5). The percentage of wound closure is shown in bar diagrams. Data represented as mean±SD and analyzed using 2-tailed t test ( n = 3). Transwell assay shows that losartan treatment significantly reduces the invasive ability of MKN45 and NCI-N87 GC cells by inhibition of the AT1R receptors expressed in these cells. The number of invaded cells through the membrane in the control and losartan-treated groups is represented as a bar diagram. Data represented as mean±SEM and analyzed using 2-tailed t test ( n = 9). ( F) A volcano plot illustrating the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) obtained from RNA-seq analysis of losartan-treated MKN45 GC cancer cells compared to control cells. Losartan-treated GC cells with upregulated and downregulated genes are shown in red and blue colors respectively. ( G) The heatmap illustrates the differential expression of TJ-related genes in losartan-treated MKN45 cells compared to control cells. ( H) GSEA plot demonstrates a positive enrichment of the KEGG TJ gene set in losartan-treated MKN45 cells, suggesting that TJs are more intact upon treatment with losartan. I , Violin plot depicts the overall expression of TJ-related genes in losartan-treated MKN45 cells compared with control cells. *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001. GC, gastric cancer; EIA, enzymatic immunoassay; GSEA, gene set enrichment analysis; KEGG, Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Angiotensin II- Angiotensin II Receptor Type 1 Signaling Facilitates Gastric Cancer Metastasis via Kruppel-like Factor 4 Suppression and Tight Junction Breakdown

    doi: 10.64898/2026.01.08.698396

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Enzymatic Immuno Assay (EIA), western blot, and qRT-PCR reveal expression of ATII in GC cells, MKN45, MKN7, AGS, and NCI-N87. For quantification, the mRNA level of the ATII gene was normalized to the housekeeping gene GAPDH. Data represented as mean±SD of three independent experiments. (B) Western blot and qRT-PCR data show the expression of AT1R in GC cells. For quantification, the mRNA level of the ATIR gene was normalized to the housekeeping gene GAPDH. Data represented as mean±SD of three independent experiments. Blockade of AT1R by the AT1R antagonist losartan (1µM) significantly reduces GC cell (C) proliferation, (D) migration (Original magnification, ×4), and (E) invasion (Original magnification, ×20). For the proliferation the data represented as mean±SEM and analyzed using 2-tailed t test ( n = 5). The percentage of wound closure is shown in bar diagrams. Data represented as mean±SD and analyzed using 2-tailed t test ( n = 3). Transwell assay shows that losartan treatment significantly reduces the invasive ability of MKN45 and NCI-N87 GC cells by inhibition of the AT1R receptors expressed in these cells. The number of invaded cells through the membrane in the control and losartan-treated groups is represented as a bar diagram. Data represented as mean±SEM and analyzed using 2-tailed t test ( n = 9). ( F) A volcano plot illustrating the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) obtained from RNA-seq analysis of losartan-treated MKN45 GC cancer cells compared to control cells. Losartan-treated GC cells with upregulated and downregulated genes are shown in red and blue colors respectively. ( G) The heatmap illustrates the differential expression of TJ-related genes in losartan-treated MKN45 cells compared to control cells. ( H) GSEA plot demonstrates a positive enrichment of the KEGG TJ gene set in losartan-treated MKN45 cells, suggesting that TJs are more intact upon treatment with losartan. I , Violin plot depicts the overall expression of TJ-related genes in losartan-treated MKN45 cells compared with control cells. *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001. GC, gastric cancer; EIA, enzymatic immunoassay; GSEA, gene set enrichment analysis; KEGG, Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes.

    Article Snippet: The antibodies ATII (Cat# NB100-62346 Novus Biologicals, CO), AT1R (Cat# ab124505 Abcam, MA), KLF4 (Cat# ab216968 Abcam, MA and Cat# 4038S Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA), claudin 1 (Cat# H00009076-M01 Abnova, Taipei, Taiwan), claudin 3 (Cat# NBP2-46299 Novus Biologicals, CO), claudin 4 (Cat# ab53156, Abcam, MA), Zonula occludens 1 (Cat# NBP2-80141 Novus Biologicals, CO), GAPDH (Cat#2118 Cell Signaling Technology, MA), HDAC1 (Cat# NB100-56340 Novus Biologicals, CO) were used for western blotting ( ).

    Techniques: Immuno Assay, Western Blot, Quantitative RT-PCR, Expressing, Migration, Transwell Assay, Inhibition, Membrane, Control, RNA Sequencing, Quantitative Proteomics, Enzyme Immunoassay

    (A) IHC staining shows that the expression of TJ proteins Claudin 1, 3, 4, and Zonula occludens 1 is markedly decreased in human GC tissues compared to adjacent normal gastric tissues. The IHC score was analyzed and shown by the dot plot comparing IHC scores for Claudin 1 ( n = 26 for NS; n = 27 for GC), 3 ( n = 19 for NS; n = 19 for GC), 4 ( n = 21 for NS; n = 19 for GC), and Zonula occludens 1 ( n = 22 for NS; n = 21 for GC) in two groups: NS and GC. Original magnification, ×20. The IHC score for each TJ protein is significantly higher in normal stomach tissues compared to GC tissues. Each dot represents an individual data point, and the horizontal lines represent the median for each group. Data analyzed using 2-tailed t test. ( B) Expression of ATII in human GC tissues shows an inverse correlation with the expression of TJ proteins, Claudin 1 ( n = 40), 3 ( n = 40), 4 ( n = 43), and Zonula occludens 1 ( n = 44). Correlation analysis between ATII expression and Claudins was performed using Pearson’s correlation test and the values are displayed on the graph. ( C) Expression of AT1R in human GC tissues shows an inverse correlation with the expression of TJ proteins, Claudin 1 ( n = 40), 3 ( n = 40), 4 ( n = 43), and Zonula occludens 1 ( n = 44). Correlation analysis between ATIR expression and Claudins was performed using Pearson’s correlation test and the values are displayed on the graph. ( D) IHC images and quantification of KLF4-positive cells indicate a gradual loss of KLF4 expression in GC tissues with disease progression. Original magnification, ×20. Significance was determined by 1-way ANOVA ( n = 64). (E) Quantitative analysis reveals a strong positive correlation between the percentage of KLF4-positive cells and the expression of these TJ proteins, Claudin 1 ( n = 40), 3 ( n = 40), 4 ( n = 43), and Zonula occludens 1 ( n = 43) in GC tissues. Correlation analysis between KLF4 expression and Claudins was performed using Pearson’s correlation test and the values are displayed on the graph. ** P < 0.01;*** P < 0.001; **** P < 0.0001. ns : no significance. GC, gastric cancer; TJ, tight junction; NS, normal stomach; IHC, immunohistochemistry.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Angiotensin II- Angiotensin II Receptor Type 1 Signaling Facilitates Gastric Cancer Metastasis via Kruppel-like Factor 4 Suppression and Tight Junction Breakdown

    doi: 10.64898/2026.01.08.698396

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) IHC staining shows that the expression of TJ proteins Claudin 1, 3, 4, and Zonula occludens 1 is markedly decreased in human GC tissues compared to adjacent normal gastric tissues. The IHC score was analyzed and shown by the dot plot comparing IHC scores for Claudin 1 ( n = 26 for NS; n = 27 for GC), 3 ( n = 19 for NS; n = 19 for GC), 4 ( n = 21 for NS; n = 19 for GC), and Zonula occludens 1 ( n = 22 for NS; n = 21 for GC) in two groups: NS and GC. Original magnification, ×20. The IHC score for each TJ protein is significantly higher in normal stomach tissues compared to GC tissues. Each dot represents an individual data point, and the horizontal lines represent the median for each group. Data analyzed using 2-tailed t test. ( B) Expression of ATII in human GC tissues shows an inverse correlation with the expression of TJ proteins, Claudin 1 ( n = 40), 3 ( n = 40), 4 ( n = 43), and Zonula occludens 1 ( n = 44). Correlation analysis between ATII expression and Claudins was performed using Pearson’s correlation test and the values are displayed on the graph. ( C) Expression of AT1R in human GC tissues shows an inverse correlation with the expression of TJ proteins, Claudin 1 ( n = 40), 3 ( n = 40), 4 ( n = 43), and Zonula occludens 1 ( n = 44). Correlation analysis between ATIR expression and Claudins was performed using Pearson’s correlation test and the values are displayed on the graph. ( D) IHC images and quantification of KLF4-positive cells indicate a gradual loss of KLF4 expression in GC tissues with disease progression. Original magnification, ×20. Significance was determined by 1-way ANOVA ( n = 64). (E) Quantitative analysis reveals a strong positive correlation between the percentage of KLF4-positive cells and the expression of these TJ proteins, Claudin 1 ( n = 40), 3 ( n = 40), 4 ( n = 43), and Zonula occludens 1 ( n = 43) in GC tissues. Correlation analysis between KLF4 expression and Claudins was performed using Pearson’s correlation test and the values are displayed on the graph. ** P < 0.01;*** P < 0.001; **** P < 0.0001. ns : no significance. GC, gastric cancer; TJ, tight junction; NS, normal stomach; IHC, immunohistochemistry.

    Article Snippet: The antibodies ATII (Cat# NB100-62346 Novus Biologicals, CO), AT1R (Cat# ab124505 Abcam, MA), KLF4 (Cat# ab216968 Abcam, MA and Cat# 4038S Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA), claudin 1 (Cat# H00009076-M01 Abnova, Taipei, Taiwan), claudin 3 (Cat# NBP2-46299 Novus Biologicals, CO), claudin 4 (Cat# ab53156, Abcam, MA), Zonula occludens 1 (Cat# NBP2-80141 Novus Biologicals, CO), GAPDH (Cat#2118 Cell Signaling Technology, MA), HDAC1 (Cat# NB100-56340 Novus Biologicals, CO) were used for western blotting ( ).

    Techniques: Immunohistochemistry, Expressing, Biomarker Discovery

    (A) The quantitative correlation analysis shows a significant negative correlation between the average IHC score for ATII/AT1R expression and the number of KLF4-positive cells. Correlation was performed using Pearson’s correlation test and the values are displayed on the graph ( n = 46). (B) cBioPortal data show that elevated mRNA expression of AGT and AGTR1 is negatively correlated with KLF4 expression in GC. *P < 0.05 ; **P < 0.01 ; ***P < 0.001 ; ****P < 0.0001. GC, gastric cancer; TJ, tight junction.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Angiotensin II- Angiotensin II Receptor Type 1 Signaling Facilitates Gastric Cancer Metastasis via Kruppel-like Factor 4 Suppression and Tight Junction Breakdown

    doi: 10.64898/2026.01.08.698396

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) The quantitative correlation analysis shows a significant negative correlation between the average IHC score for ATII/AT1R expression and the number of KLF4-positive cells. Correlation was performed using Pearson’s correlation test and the values are displayed on the graph ( n = 46). (B) cBioPortal data show that elevated mRNA expression of AGT and AGTR1 is negatively correlated with KLF4 expression in GC. *P < 0.05 ; **P < 0.01 ; ***P < 0.001 ; ****P < 0.0001. GC, gastric cancer; TJ, tight junction.

    Article Snippet: The antibodies ATII (Cat# NB100-62346 Novus Biologicals, CO), AT1R (Cat# ab124505 Abcam, MA), KLF4 (Cat# ab216968 Abcam, MA and Cat# 4038S Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA), claudin 1 (Cat# H00009076-M01 Abnova, Taipei, Taiwan), claudin 3 (Cat# NBP2-46299 Novus Biologicals, CO), claudin 4 (Cat# ab53156, Abcam, MA), Zonula occludens 1 (Cat# NBP2-80141 Novus Biologicals, CO), GAPDH (Cat#2118 Cell Signaling Technology, MA), HDAC1 (Cat# NB100-56340 Novus Biologicals, CO) were used for western blotting ( ).

    Techniques: Expressing

    (A) Schematic representation of MKN45 and NCI-N87 GC orthotopic implantations followed by treatment with AT1R blockers in MKN45 and NCI-N87 tumor-bearing athymic mice (created by BioRender). ( B) Mice transplanted with MKN45 and NCI-N87 cells show visible liver metastatic nodules. ( C) Orthotopic GC tumors show high expression of ATII and AT1R ( n = 11 per group). Original magnification, x20. ( D) Immunohistochemistry shows a significant change in expression of KLF4 in MKN45 and NCI-N87 orthotopic tumors, which are highly metastatic to the liver. Strong KLF4 expression is observed in normal mouse stomach tissues ( n = 11). Original magnification, x20. (E) In vivo administration of AT1R blockers, losartan and candesartan, for 28 consecutive days significantly reduces tumor growth in MKN45 and NCI-N87 orthotopic xenograft models, as measured by the wet tumor weight. Each dot represents a mouse. Data represented as mean±SEM. Significance was determined by 1-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test. (F) Treatment with losartan and candesartan also results in a significant reduction in distant metastasis. (G) qRT-PCR analysis shows significant upregulation of KLF4, CLDN1, CLDN3, CLDN4, and TJP1 transcripts in GC tissues from losartan-treated mice compared to those from untreated mice. For the quantification of mRNA levels, genes were normalized to the housekeeping gene GAPDH. Data represented as mean±SD and analyzed using 1-way ANOVA with Turkey’s multiple comparisons test (n = 3). ( H) Western blot analysis further confirms the significant increase in the expression of KLF4, Claudin 1 and Claudin 4 in mouse GC tissues upon losartan treatment. *P < 0.05 ; **P < 0.01 ; ***P < 0.001 ; ****P < 0.0001. GC, gastric cancer; IHC, immunohistochemistry; TJ, tight junction.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Angiotensin II- Angiotensin II Receptor Type 1 Signaling Facilitates Gastric Cancer Metastasis via Kruppel-like Factor 4 Suppression and Tight Junction Breakdown

    doi: 10.64898/2026.01.08.698396

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Schematic representation of MKN45 and NCI-N87 GC orthotopic implantations followed by treatment with AT1R blockers in MKN45 and NCI-N87 tumor-bearing athymic mice (created by BioRender). ( B) Mice transplanted with MKN45 and NCI-N87 cells show visible liver metastatic nodules. ( C) Orthotopic GC tumors show high expression of ATII and AT1R ( n = 11 per group). Original magnification, x20. ( D) Immunohistochemistry shows a significant change in expression of KLF4 in MKN45 and NCI-N87 orthotopic tumors, which are highly metastatic to the liver. Strong KLF4 expression is observed in normal mouse stomach tissues ( n = 11). Original magnification, x20. (E) In vivo administration of AT1R blockers, losartan and candesartan, for 28 consecutive days significantly reduces tumor growth in MKN45 and NCI-N87 orthotopic xenograft models, as measured by the wet tumor weight. Each dot represents a mouse. Data represented as mean±SEM. Significance was determined by 1-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test. (F) Treatment with losartan and candesartan also results in a significant reduction in distant metastasis. (G) qRT-PCR analysis shows significant upregulation of KLF4, CLDN1, CLDN3, CLDN4, and TJP1 transcripts in GC tissues from losartan-treated mice compared to those from untreated mice. For the quantification of mRNA levels, genes were normalized to the housekeeping gene GAPDH. Data represented as mean±SD and analyzed using 1-way ANOVA with Turkey’s multiple comparisons test (n = 3). ( H) Western blot analysis further confirms the significant increase in the expression of KLF4, Claudin 1 and Claudin 4 in mouse GC tissues upon losartan treatment. *P < 0.05 ; **P < 0.01 ; ***P < 0.001 ; ****P < 0.0001. GC, gastric cancer; IHC, immunohistochemistry; TJ, tight junction.

    Article Snippet: The antibodies ATII (Cat# NB100-62346 Novus Biologicals, CO), AT1R (Cat# ab124505 Abcam, MA), KLF4 (Cat# ab216968 Abcam, MA and Cat# 4038S Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA), claudin 1 (Cat# H00009076-M01 Abnova, Taipei, Taiwan), claudin 3 (Cat# NBP2-46299 Novus Biologicals, CO), claudin 4 (Cat# ab53156, Abcam, MA), Zonula occludens 1 (Cat# NBP2-80141 Novus Biologicals, CO), GAPDH (Cat#2118 Cell Signaling Technology, MA), HDAC1 (Cat# NB100-56340 Novus Biologicals, CO) were used for western blotting ( ).

    Techniques: Expressing, Immunohistochemistry, In Vivo, Quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot

    (A) Representative IHC staining shows that the expression of ATII and AT1R is significantly elevated in GC tissues compared with adjacent normal gastric tissues. Original magnification, x20 (B) The violin plot shows that the IHC score for ATII and AT1R is significantly higher in non-metastatic and metastatic GC tissues than in adjacent normal gastric tissues. Significance was determined by 1-way ANOVA ( n = 64). ( C ) TCGA data show the expression of AGT and a stage-wise increase in expression of AGT in STAD. ( D) Kaplan-Meier survival curves from TCGA show OS and DFS of STAD patients grouped by AGT and AGTR1 expressions. High AGT expression is associated with significantly poor OS ( p = 0.02), and high AGTR1 expression is associated with significantly poor DFS ( p = 0.0035). GC, gastric cancer; IHC, immunohistochemistry; STAD, stomach adenocarcinoma; OS, overall survival; DFS, disease-free survival; TCGA, the cancer genome atlas; AGT, Angiotensin II; AGTR1, Angiotensin II receptor 1 . **P < 0.01 ; ****P < 0.0001. ns: no significance.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Angiotensin II- Angiotensin II Receptor Type 1 Signaling Facilitates Gastric Cancer Metastasis via Kruppel-like Factor 4 Suppression and Tight Junction Breakdown

    doi: 10.64898/2026.01.08.698396

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Representative IHC staining shows that the expression of ATII and AT1R is significantly elevated in GC tissues compared with adjacent normal gastric tissues. Original magnification, x20 (B) The violin plot shows that the IHC score for ATII and AT1R is significantly higher in non-metastatic and metastatic GC tissues than in adjacent normal gastric tissues. Significance was determined by 1-way ANOVA ( n = 64). ( C ) TCGA data show the expression of AGT and a stage-wise increase in expression of AGT in STAD. ( D) Kaplan-Meier survival curves from TCGA show OS and DFS of STAD patients grouped by AGT and AGTR1 expressions. High AGT expression is associated with significantly poor OS ( p = 0.02), and high AGTR1 expression is associated with significantly poor DFS ( p = 0.0035). GC, gastric cancer; IHC, immunohistochemistry; STAD, stomach adenocarcinoma; OS, overall survival; DFS, disease-free survival; TCGA, the cancer genome atlas; AGT, Angiotensin II; AGTR1, Angiotensin II receptor 1 . **P < 0.01 ; ****P < 0.0001. ns: no significance.

    Article Snippet: The sections were again rinsed with PBS and incubated with 2.5% normal horse serum (Vector Laboratories, CA) at room temperature for 20 minutes to block the nonspecific binding sites and were stained for ATII (Cat# NB100-62346 Novus Biologicals, CO), AT1R (Cat# ab124505 Abcam, MA), KLF4 (Cat# ab216968 Abcam, MA and Cat# 4038S Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA), CLDN1 (Cat# H00009076-M01 Abnova, Taipei, Taiwan), CLDN3 (Cat# NBP2-46299 Novus Biologicals, CO), CLDN4 (Cat# ab53156 Abcam, MA), ZO-1 (Cat# NBP2-80141 Novus Biologicals, CO).

    Techniques: Immunohistochemistry, Expressing

    (A) Enzymatic Immuno Assay (EIA), western blot, and qRT-PCR reveal expression of ATII in GC cells, MKN45, MKN7, AGS, and NCI-N87. For quantification, the mRNA level of the ATII gene was normalized to the housekeeping gene GAPDH. Data represented as mean±SD of three independent experiments. (B) Western blot and qRT-PCR data show the expression of AT1R in GC cells. For quantification, the mRNA level of the ATIR gene was normalized to the housekeeping gene GAPDH. Data represented as mean±SD of three independent experiments. Blockade of AT1R by the AT1R antagonist losartan (1µM) significantly reduces GC cell (C) proliferation, (D) migration (Original magnification, ×4), and (E) invasion (Original magnification, ×20). For the proliferation the data represented as mean±SEM and analyzed using 2-tailed t test ( n = 5). The percentage of wound closure is shown in bar diagrams. Data represented as mean±SD and analyzed using 2-tailed t test ( n = 3). Transwell assay shows that losartan treatment significantly reduces the invasive ability of MKN45 and NCI-N87 GC cells by inhibition of the AT1R receptors expressed in these cells. The number of invaded cells through the membrane in the control and losartan-treated groups is represented as a bar diagram. Data represented as mean±SEM and analyzed using 2-tailed t test ( n = 9). ( F) A volcano plot illustrating the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) obtained from RNA-seq analysis of losartan-treated MKN45 GC cancer cells compared to control cells. Losartan-treated GC cells with upregulated and downregulated genes are shown in red and blue colors respectively. ( G) The heatmap illustrates the differential expression of TJ-related genes in losartan-treated MKN45 cells compared to control cells. ( H) GSEA plot demonstrates a positive enrichment of the KEGG TJ gene set in losartan-treated MKN45 cells, suggesting that TJs are more intact upon treatment with losartan. I , Violin plot depicts the overall expression of TJ-related genes in losartan-treated MKN45 cells compared with control cells. *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001. GC, gastric cancer; EIA, enzymatic immunoassay; GSEA, gene set enrichment analysis; KEGG, Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Angiotensin II- Angiotensin II Receptor Type 1 Signaling Facilitates Gastric Cancer Metastasis via Kruppel-like Factor 4 Suppression and Tight Junction Breakdown

    doi: 10.64898/2026.01.08.698396

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Enzymatic Immuno Assay (EIA), western blot, and qRT-PCR reveal expression of ATII in GC cells, MKN45, MKN7, AGS, and NCI-N87. For quantification, the mRNA level of the ATII gene was normalized to the housekeeping gene GAPDH. Data represented as mean±SD of three independent experiments. (B) Western blot and qRT-PCR data show the expression of AT1R in GC cells. For quantification, the mRNA level of the ATIR gene was normalized to the housekeeping gene GAPDH. Data represented as mean±SD of three independent experiments. Blockade of AT1R by the AT1R antagonist losartan (1µM) significantly reduces GC cell (C) proliferation, (D) migration (Original magnification, ×4), and (E) invasion (Original magnification, ×20). For the proliferation the data represented as mean±SEM and analyzed using 2-tailed t test ( n = 5). The percentage of wound closure is shown in bar diagrams. Data represented as mean±SD and analyzed using 2-tailed t test ( n = 3). Transwell assay shows that losartan treatment significantly reduces the invasive ability of MKN45 and NCI-N87 GC cells by inhibition of the AT1R receptors expressed in these cells. The number of invaded cells through the membrane in the control and losartan-treated groups is represented as a bar diagram. Data represented as mean±SEM and analyzed using 2-tailed t test ( n = 9). ( F) A volcano plot illustrating the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) obtained from RNA-seq analysis of losartan-treated MKN45 GC cancer cells compared to control cells. Losartan-treated GC cells with upregulated and downregulated genes are shown in red and blue colors respectively. ( G) The heatmap illustrates the differential expression of TJ-related genes in losartan-treated MKN45 cells compared to control cells. ( H) GSEA plot demonstrates a positive enrichment of the KEGG TJ gene set in losartan-treated MKN45 cells, suggesting that TJs are more intact upon treatment with losartan. I , Violin plot depicts the overall expression of TJ-related genes in losartan-treated MKN45 cells compared with control cells. *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001. GC, gastric cancer; EIA, enzymatic immunoassay; GSEA, gene set enrichment analysis; KEGG, Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes.

    Article Snippet: The sections were again rinsed with PBS and incubated with 2.5% normal horse serum (Vector Laboratories, CA) at room temperature for 20 minutes to block the nonspecific binding sites and were stained for ATII (Cat# NB100-62346 Novus Biologicals, CO), AT1R (Cat# ab124505 Abcam, MA), KLF4 (Cat# ab216968 Abcam, MA and Cat# 4038S Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA), CLDN1 (Cat# H00009076-M01 Abnova, Taipei, Taiwan), CLDN3 (Cat# NBP2-46299 Novus Biologicals, CO), CLDN4 (Cat# ab53156 Abcam, MA), ZO-1 (Cat# NBP2-80141 Novus Biologicals, CO).

    Techniques: Immuno Assay, Western Blot, Quantitative RT-PCR, Expressing, Migration, Transwell Assay, Inhibition, Membrane, Control, RNA Sequencing, Quantitative Proteomics, Enzyme Immunoassay

    (A) IHC staining shows that the expression of TJ proteins Claudin 1, 3, 4, and Zonula occludens 1 is markedly decreased in human GC tissues compared to adjacent normal gastric tissues. The IHC score was analyzed and shown by the dot plot comparing IHC scores for Claudin 1 ( n = 26 for NS; n = 27 for GC), 3 ( n = 19 for NS; n = 19 for GC), 4 ( n = 21 for NS; n = 19 for GC), and Zonula occludens 1 ( n = 22 for NS; n = 21 for GC) in two groups: NS and GC. Original magnification, ×20. The IHC score for each TJ protein is significantly higher in normal stomach tissues compared to GC tissues. Each dot represents an individual data point, and the horizontal lines represent the median for each group. Data analyzed using 2-tailed t test. ( B) Expression of ATII in human GC tissues shows an inverse correlation with the expression of TJ proteins, Claudin 1 ( n = 40), 3 ( n = 40), 4 ( n = 43), and Zonula occludens 1 ( n = 44). Correlation analysis between ATII expression and Claudins was performed using Pearson’s correlation test and the values are displayed on the graph. ( C) Expression of AT1R in human GC tissues shows an inverse correlation with the expression of TJ proteins, Claudin 1 ( n = 40), 3 ( n = 40), 4 ( n = 43), and Zonula occludens 1 ( n = 44). Correlation analysis between ATIR expression and Claudins was performed using Pearson’s correlation test and the values are displayed on the graph. ( D) IHC images and quantification of KLF4-positive cells indicate a gradual loss of KLF4 expression in GC tissues with disease progression. Original magnification, ×20. Significance was determined by 1-way ANOVA ( n = 64). (E) Quantitative analysis reveals a strong positive correlation between the percentage of KLF4-positive cells and the expression of these TJ proteins, Claudin 1 ( n = 40), 3 ( n = 40), 4 ( n = 43), and Zonula occludens 1 ( n = 43) in GC tissues. Correlation analysis between KLF4 expression and Claudins was performed using Pearson’s correlation test and the values are displayed on the graph. ** P < 0.01;*** P < 0.001; **** P < 0.0001. ns : no significance. GC, gastric cancer; TJ, tight junction; NS, normal stomach; IHC, immunohistochemistry.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Angiotensin II- Angiotensin II Receptor Type 1 Signaling Facilitates Gastric Cancer Metastasis via Kruppel-like Factor 4 Suppression and Tight Junction Breakdown

    doi: 10.64898/2026.01.08.698396

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) IHC staining shows that the expression of TJ proteins Claudin 1, 3, 4, and Zonula occludens 1 is markedly decreased in human GC tissues compared to adjacent normal gastric tissues. The IHC score was analyzed and shown by the dot plot comparing IHC scores for Claudin 1 ( n = 26 for NS; n = 27 for GC), 3 ( n = 19 for NS; n = 19 for GC), 4 ( n = 21 for NS; n = 19 for GC), and Zonula occludens 1 ( n = 22 for NS; n = 21 for GC) in two groups: NS and GC. Original magnification, ×20. The IHC score for each TJ protein is significantly higher in normal stomach tissues compared to GC tissues. Each dot represents an individual data point, and the horizontal lines represent the median for each group. Data analyzed using 2-tailed t test. ( B) Expression of ATII in human GC tissues shows an inverse correlation with the expression of TJ proteins, Claudin 1 ( n = 40), 3 ( n = 40), 4 ( n = 43), and Zonula occludens 1 ( n = 44). Correlation analysis between ATII expression and Claudins was performed using Pearson’s correlation test and the values are displayed on the graph. ( C) Expression of AT1R in human GC tissues shows an inverse correlation with the expression of TJ proteins, Claudin 1 ( n = 40), 3 ( n = 40), 4 ( n = 43), and Zonula occludens 1 ( n = 44). Correlation analysis between ATIR expression and Claudins was performed using Pearson’s correlation test and the values are displayed on the graph. ( D) IHC images and quantification of KLF4-positive cells indicate a gradual loss of KLF4 expression in GC tissues with disease progression. Original magnification, ×20. Significance was determined by 1-way ANOVA ( n = 64). (E) Quantitative analysis reveals a strong positive correlation between the percentage of KLF4-positive cells and the expression of these TJ proteins, Claudin 1 ( n = 40), 3 ( n = 40), 4 ( n = 43), and Zonula occludens 1 ( n = 43) in GC tissues. Correlation analysis between KLF4 expression and Claudins was performed using Pearson’s correlation test and the values are displayed on the graph. ** P < 0.01;*** P < 0.001; **** P < 0.0001. ns : no significance. GC, gastric cancer; TJ, tight junction; NS, normal stomach; IHC, immunohistochemistry.

    Article Snippet: The sections were again rinsed with PBS and incubated with 2.5% normal horse serum (Vector Laboratories, CA) at room temperature for 20 minutes to block the nonspecific binding sites and were stained for ATII (Cat# NB100-62346 Novus Biologicals, CO), AT1R (Cat# ab124505 Abcam, MA), KLF4 (Cat# ab216968 Abcam, MA and Cat# 4038S Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA), CLDN1 (Cat# H00009076-M01 Abnova, Taipei, Taiwan), CLDN3 (Cat# NBP2-46299 Novus Biologicals, CO), CLDN4 (Cat# ab53156 Abcam, MA), ZO-1 (Cat# NBP2-80141 Novus Biologicals, CO).

    Techniques: Immunohistochemistry, Expressing, Biomarker Discovery

    (A) The quantitative correlation analysis shows a significant negative correlation between the average IHC score for ATII/AT1R expression and the number of KLF4-positive cells. Correlation was performed using Pearson’s correlation test and the values are displayed on the graph ( n = 46). (B) cBioPortal data show that elevated mRNA expression of AGT and AGTR1 is negatively correlated with KLF4 expression in GC. *P < 0.05 ; **P < 0.01 ; ***P < 0.001 ; ****P < 0.0001. GC, gastric cancer; TJ, tight junction.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Angiotensin II- Angiotensin II Receptor Type 1 Signaling Facilitates Gastric Cancer Metastasis via Kruppel-like Factor 4 Suppression and Tight Junction Breakdown

    doi: 10.64898/2026.01.08.698396

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) The quantitative correlation analysis shows a significant negative correlation between the average IHC score for ATII/AT1R expression and the number of KLF4-positive cells. Correlation was performed using Pearson’s correlation test and the values are displayed on the graph ( n = 46). (B) cBioPortal data show that elevated mRNA expression of AGT and AGTR1 is negatively correlated with KLF4 expression in GC. *P < 0.05 ; **P < 0.01 ; ***P < 0.001 ; ****P < 0.0001. GC, gastric cancer; TJ, tight junction.

    Article Snippet: The sections were again rinsed with PBS and incubated with 2.5% normal horse serum (Vector Laboratories, CA) at room temperature for 20 minutes to block the nonspecific binding sites and were stained for ATII (Cat# NB100-62346 Novus Biologicals, CO), AT1R (Cat# ab124505 Abcam, MA), KLF4 (Cat# ab216968 Abcam, MA and Cat# 4038S Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA), CLDN1 (Cat# H00009076-M01 Abnova, Taipei, Taiwan), CLDN3 (Cat# NBP2-46299 Novus Biologicals, CO), CLDN4 (Cat# ab53156 Abcam, MA), ZO-1 (Cat# NBP2-80141 Novus Biologicals, CO).

    Techniques: Expressing

    (A) Schematic representation of MKN45 and NCI-N87 GC orthotopic implantations followed by treatment with AT1R blockers in MKN45 and NCI-N87 tumor-bearing athymic mice (created by BioRender). ( B) Mice transplanted with MKN45 and NCI-N87 cells show visible liver metastatic nodules. ( C) Orthotopic GC tumors show high expression of ATII and AT1R ( n = 11 per group). Original magnification, x20. ( D) Immunohistochemistry shows a significant change in expression of KLF4 in MKN45 and NCI-N87 orthotopic tumors, which are highly metastatic to the liver. Strong KLF4 expression is observed in normal mouse stomach tissues ( n = 11). Original magnification, x20. (E) In vivo administration of AT1R blockers, losartan and candesartan, for 28 consecutive days significantly reduces tumor growth in MKN45 and NCI-N87 orthotopic xenograft models, as measured by the wet tumor weight. Each dot represents a mouse. Data represented as mean±SEM. Significance was determined by 1-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test. (F) Treatment with losartan and candesartan also results in a significant reduction in distant metastasis. (G) qRT-PCR analysis shows significant upregulation of KLF4, CLDN1, CLDN3, CLDN4, and TJP1 transcripts in GC tissues from losartan-treated mice compared to those from untreated mice. For the quantification of mRNA levels, genes were normalized to the housekeeping gene GAPDH. Data represented as mean±SD and analyzed using 1-way ANOVA with Turkey’s multiple comparisons test (n = 3). ( H) Western blot analysis further confirms the significant increase in the expression of KLF4, Claudin 1 and Claudin 4 in mouse GC tissues upon losartan treatment. *P < 0.05 ; **P < 0.01 ; ***P < 0.001 ; ****P < 0.0001. GC, gastric cancer; IHC, immunohistochemistry; TJ, tight junction.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Angiotensin II- Angiotensin II Receptor Type 1 Signaling Facilitates Gastric Cancer Metastasis via Kruppel-like Factor 4 Suppression and Tight Junction Breakdown

    doi: 10.64898/2026.01.08.698396

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Schematic representation of MKN45 and NCI-N87 GC orthotopic implantations followed by treatment with AT1R blockers in MKN45 and NCI-N87 tumor-bearing athymic mice (created by BioRender). ( B) Mice transplanted with MKN45 and NCI-N87 cells show visible liver metastatic nodules. ( C) Orthotopic GC tumors show high expression of ATII and AT1R ( n = 11 per group). Original magnification, x20. ( D) Immunohistochemistry shows a significant change in expression of KLF4 in MKN45 and NCI-N87 orthotopic tumors, which are highly metastatic to the liver. Strong KLF4 expression is observed in normal mouse stomach tissues ( n = 11). Original magnification, x20. (E) In vivo administration of AT1R blockers, losartan and candesartan, for 28 consecutive days significantly reduces tumor growth in MKN45 and NCI-N87 orthotopic xenograft models, as measured by the wet tumor weight. Each dot represents a mouse. Data represented as mean±SEM. Significance was determined by 1-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test. (F) Treatment with losartan and candesartan also results in a significant reduction in distant metastasis. (G) qRT-PCR analysis shows significant upregulation of KLF4, CLDN1, CLDN3, CLDN4, and TJP1 transcripts in GC tissues from losartan-treated mice compared to those from untreated mice. For the quantification of mRNA levels, genes were normalized to the housekeeping gene GAPDH. Data represented as mean±SD and analyzed using 1-way ANOVA with Turkey’s multiple comparisons test (n = 3). ( H) Western blot analysis further confirms the significant increase in the expression of KLF4, Claudin 1 and Claudin 4 in mouse GC tissues upon losartan treatment. *P < 0.05 ; **P < 0.01 ; ***P < 0.001 ; ****P < 0.0001. GC, gastric cancer; IHC, immunohistochemistry; TJ, tight junction.

    Article Snippet: The sections were again rinsed with PBS and incubated with 2.5% normal horse serum (Vector Laboratories, CA) at room temperature for 20 minutes to block the nonspecific binding sites and were stained for ATII (Cat# NB100-62346 Novus Biologicals, CO), AT1R (Cat# ab124505 Abcam, MA), KLF4 (Cat# ab216968 Abcam, MA and Cat# 4038S Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA), CLDN1 (Cat# H00009076-M01 Abnova, Taipei, Taiwan), CLDN3 (Cat# NBP2-46299 Novus Biologicals, CO), CLDN4 (Cat# ab53156 Abcam, MA), ZO-1 (Cat# NBP2-80141 Novus Biologicals, CO).

    Techniques: Expressing, Immunohistochemistry, In Vivo, Quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot